An implicit 3D nodal integration based PFEM (N-PFEM) of natural temporal stability for dynamic analysis of granular flow and landslide problems

The particle finite element method (PFEM) is a robust approach for modelling large deformation problems with free surface evolution. classical PFEM, however, requires variable mapping from old to new quadrature points when adopting history-dependent material models in granular flow and landslide problems. Although the nodal integration technique circumvents this issue, it makes PFEM temporal instable dynamic analysis using displacement-based formulation. In study, we developed version of three-dimensional (3D) Nodal based (N-PFEM) mixed variational principle final problem resolved mathematical programming. proposed N-PFEM not only inherits benefit scheme that no required handling but also naturally stable requiring ad-hoc stabilization technique. We simulated series benchmark demonstrate its nature stability as well other admirable features such volumetric-locking property capability tackling extreme configuration changes. Additionally, application 3D sensitive clay layer shown highlight robustness.